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What exactly is aquaculture and what kinds are there?
Interactive / Website
January 02 - 2025
EN Global

What exactly is aquaculture and what kinds are there?

MarineBio Conservation Society

There are several types of aquaculture based on the species being cultivated and the farming methods used. Here are some common kinds of aquaculture.

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Bivalves / Plant-based (e.g. seaweed or kelp) / Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) / Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture
Social benefits and environmental performance of aquaculture need to improve worldwide
Research
November 12 - 2024
EN Global

Social benefits and environmental performance of aquaculture need to improve worldwide

Communications Earth & Environment

As a crucial source of protein for humans, aquaculture provides societal benefits but also poses environmental costs making it pivotal to strike a balance between costs and benefits to ensure aquaculture sustainability. Here we developed a composite sustainability index integrating societal benefits and environmental costs of aquaculture. The results show that two-fifths of the 161 countries achieved a high sustainability score (score > 50) in 2018, indicating a considerable need for improvement in the sustainability of aquaculture worldwide. This was particularly true for Asian countries (average score 45.01 ± 11.44), while European countries outperformed other regions (60.15 ± 13.64). Moreover, a Boosted Regression Tree model revealed that 59.3% of the variance in aquaculture sustainability was supported by eight indicators, including social factors, geographical effects, and aquaculture structures. By focusing on bivalve production and maintaining an optimized choice of fishes and shrimp taxa, the sustainability of global aquaculture could be enhanced. By Congjun Xu, Guohuan Su, Sébastien Brosse, Kangshun Zhao, Min Zhang & Jun Xu
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Organic waste (e.g. feed or feces) / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Shrimp / Bivalves / Salmon / Tilapia
Estonia's small but meaty mussels could help generate revenue while cleaning up the Baltic
Investigative Journalism
November 04 - 2024
EN Europe

Estonia's small but meaty mussels could help generate revenue while cleaning up the Baltic

ERR

In addition to trout farming, Estonia has potential to develop a separate industry for cultivating edible mussels. A study conducted by Estonian marine scientists on Saaremaa indicates that while the local mussel is smaller than its Swedish counterpart, it contains more meat. However, questions remain on how to maximize the value of mussel production and establish a profitable market for it. By Airika Harrik
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Bivalves / Legislation
Farmed salmon falls short in addressing global food security, NYU study finds
Investigative Journalism
October 29 - 2024
EN Global

Farmed salmon falls short in addressing global food security, NYU study finds

Undercurrent News

Researchers have found that species that are more challenging and costly to farm contribute the least to global food security. By Liza Mayer
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Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Bivalves / Low trophic-level fish / Plant-based (e.g. seaweed or kelp) / Salmon
Aquaculture Could Harm Animal Welfare or Protect It, Depending on What Species the Farms Raise
Research
October 16 - 2024
EN Global

Aquaculture Could Harm Animal Welfare or Protect It, Depending on What Species the Farms Raise

The Conversation

The rapid growth in aquaculture means that billions of individual aquatic animals are now being farmed without basic information that could help ensure even minimal welfare standards. Our newly published study shows that these welfare risks are not uniform: Aquaculture is likely to have severe effects on welfare for some species, but negligible impacts on others. By Becca Franks, Chiawen Chiang
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Animal Ethics / Bivalves / Low trophic-level fish / Plant-based (e.g. seaweed or kelp) / Salmon / Octopus
How to Maximize Aquaculture: Growing More Seafood Through Science
Podcast
September 26 - 2024
EN Global

How to Maximize Aquaculture: Growing More Seafood Through Science

NOAA Fisheries

Scientists are using an ecosystem approach to aquaculture, growing multiple seafood products together in a sustainable system.
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Organic waste (e.g. feed or feces) / Bivalves / Low trophic-level fish / Plant-based (e.g. seaweed or kelp) / Shrimp / Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture
Environmental performance of blue foods
Research
September 15 - 2024
EN Global

Environmental performance of blue foods

Nature

Fish and other aquatic foods (blue foods) present an opportunity for more sustainable diets1,2. Yet comprehensive comparison has been limited due to sparse inclusion of blue foods in environmental impact studies3,4 relative to the vast diversity of production5. Here we provide standardized estimates of greenhouse gas, nitrogen, phosphorus, freshwater and land stressors for species groups covering nearly three quarters of global production. We find that across all blue foods, farmed bivalves and seaweeds generate the lowest stressors. Capture fisheries predominantly generate greenhouse gas emissions, with small pelagic fishes generating lower emissions than all fed aquaculture, but flatfish and crustaceans generating the highest. Among farmed finfish and crustaceans, silver and bighead carps have the lowest greenhouse gas, nitrogen and phosphorus emissions, but highest water use, while farmed salmon and trout use the least land and water. Finally, we model intervention scenarios and find improving feed conversion ratios reduces stressors across all fed groups, increasing fish yield reduces land and water use by up to half, and optimizing gears reduces capture fishery emissions by more than half for some groups. Collectively, our analysis identifies high-performing blue foods, highlights opportunities to improve environmental performance, advances data-poor environmental assessments, and informs sustainable diets. By Jessica A. Gephart, Patrik J. G. Henriksson, Robert W. R. Parker, Alon Shepon, Kelvin D. Gorospe, Kristina Bergman, Gidon Eshel, Christopher D. Golden, Benjamin S. Halpern, Sara Hornborg, Malin Jonell, Marc Metian, Kathleen Mifflin, Richard Newton, Peter Tyedmers, Wenbo Zhang, Friederike Ziegler & Max Troell
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Organic waste (e.g. feed or feces) / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Bivalves / Low trophic-level fish / Plant-based (e.g. seaweed or kelp)
Too Much of Our Seafood Has a Dark Secret
Opinion
August 11 - 2024
EN Global

Too Much of Our Seafood Has a Dark Secret

New York Times

Explores the factors a consumer should consider when purchasing seafood. By Paul Greenberg and Carl Safina.

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Marine Protected Areas / Biodiversity loss / Chemicals (e.g. Formaldehyde) / Hunger / Nutrition / Investment and subsidies / Labor / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Value chain / IUUs (illegal unreported and unregulated) / Legislation / Bivalves / Low trophic-level fish / Plant-based (e.g. seaweed or kelp) / Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) / Salmon / Shrimp
Dark Seas – the muddy truth behind farmed fish
Opinion
May 02 - 2024
EN Global

Dark Seas – the muddy truth behind farmed fish

Sustainable Woodstock

Widely unknown to the public, carnivorous fish farming requires and consumes more wild fish than it produces, a fact that directly contradicts the industry’s claim to be the solution to overfishing and feeding the growing population.
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Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / Salmon / Sea Bass / Sea Bream / Bivalves
For the Love of the Sea
Documentary Films
July 06 - 2023
EN Europe

For the Love of the Sea

Patagonia Films

In Patagonia Films’ For the Love of the Sea, a family pioneers a movement to revive the Welsh coastline and a fishing industry that locals have depended on for decades. The documentary short follows Câr y Môr, the first community-owned regenerative ocean farm in Wales. Cultivating versatile crops like seaweed with zero-input techniques, the community reveals the powerful ways that the ocean can help fight climate change while nourishing people in more ways than one.

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Small-scale fishers / Wales / Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture / Bivalves / Plant-based (e.g. seaweed or kelp) / Seaweed / Climate change
At sea as on land? Activists oppose industrial farming in U.S. waters
Investigative Journalism
June 26 - 2023
EN North America

At sea as on land? Activists oppose industrial farming in U.S. waters

Mongabay

Agribusiness giants and other corporate interests are pushing to expand industrial finfish aquaculture into U.S. federal waters, arguing that it will help feed a growing global demand for seafood and have less environmental impact. They want Congress to pass legislation establishing a federal aquaculture system. Though Congress has not yet acted, a 2020 Executive Order is favorable to the effort. Environmental advocates are fighting against proposed congressional bills, and calling for a reversal of the executive order and a stop to the proposed projects in U.S. federal waters.
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Chemicals (e.g. Formaldehyde) / Pesticides / Antibiotics / Investment and subsidies / Small-scale fishers / Tourism / US: Nat'l Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) / Legislation / Bivalves / Low trophic-level fish / Plant-based (e.g. seaweed or kelp) / Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) / Salmon / Organic waste (e.g. feed or feces)
Rethinking EU Aquaculture: For People, Animals and the Planet
Research
January 01 - 2023
EN Europe

Rethinking EU Aquaculture: For People, Animals and the Planet

Compassion in World Farming

Why the EU aquaculture industry should move away from intensive fish farming, towards extensive systems that are more sustainable and better for the environment.
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Climate change / Organic waste (e.g. feed or feces) / Biodiversity loss / Animal Ethics / Antibiotics / IUUs (illegal unreported and unregulated) / Value chain / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / UN: FAO Committee on Fisheries / UN: Environment Programme EU Commission on Fisheries / Legislation / Salmon / Sea Bass / Sea Bream / Shrimp / Bivalves / Low trophic-level fish / Plant-based (e.g. seaweed or kelp) / Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)
Harmful Algal Blooms: Understanding the Threat and the Actions Being Taken to Address It
Research
January 01 - 2022
EN North America

Harmful Algal Blooms: Understanding the Threat and the Actions Being Taken to Address It

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute

A 2022 special report from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, examining the threat of harmful algal bloom growth and the actions being taken to address it.

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Marine fauna / Marine Flora (e.g. Poseidon meadows or seaweed) / Biodiversity loss / Tourism / Bivalves
Sustainable Growth of Non-Fed Aquaculture Will Generate Valuable Ecosystem Benefits
Research
December 23 - 2021
EN Global

Sustainable Growth of Non-Fed Aquaculture Will Generate Valuable Ecosystem Benefits

Ecosystem Services

Investment in extractive or ‘non-fed’ aquaculture has been proposed as a partial solution for sustainable food provision. An important aspect is the potential for aquaculture-environment interactions to influence the provision of ecosystem services. Here, we quantify and monetise the impacts of bivalve and seaweed farming on a regulating service (removal of nitrogen from nearshore waters) and a supporting service (habitat provision for species with fisheries value).

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Bivalves / Seaweed
Global Principles of Restorative Aquaculture
Research
November 02 - 2021
EN Global

Global Principles of Restorative Aquaculture

The Nature Conservancy

Provides guidelines on regenerative food systems that restore habitat and protect biodiversity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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Bivalves
Taking the Fish Out of Fish Feed
Investigative Journalism
August 24 - 2020
EN Global

Taking the Fish Out of Fish Feed

Hakai Magazine

Feeding wild fish to farmed fish is threatening marine ecosystems. Researchers and entrepreneurs believe they’ve found solutions.
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Hunger / Nutrition / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / Omega-3s / Insects / Bivalves / Low trophic-level fish / Plant-based (e.g. seaweed or kelp)
Safeguarding Marine Protected Areas in the Growing Mediterranean Blue Economy
Research
May 01 - 2019
EN Europe

Safeguarding Marine Protected Areas in the Growing Mediterranean Blue Economy

PHAROS4MPAS

Recommendations for aquaculture https://pharos4mpas.interreg-med.eu
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UN: Environment Programme EU Commission on Fisheries / Legislation / Bivalves / Sea Bass / Sea Bream / Tilapia
U.S. Commercial Fisheries and the Seafood Industry Landings and Values, 2019
Research
January 01 - 2019
EN North America

U.S. Commercial Fisheries and the Seafood Industry Landings and Values, 2019

NOAA

Infographics supporting the annual Fisheries of the United States report, a yearbook of fisheries statistics for the nation providing data on commercial landings and value and recreational catch.
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Salmon / Shrimp / Bivalves / Value chain
The Dangers of Industrial Ocean Fish Farming
Research
January 01 - 2018
EN Global

The Dangers of Industrial Ocean Fish Farming

Friends of the Earth

Many people opt for seafood over terrestrially-raised meat because they want better nutrition, a more humane option, and a smaller environmental impact. However, not all seafood is created equal. Much of our available seafood has been mass-raised and harvested in indus- trial ocean farms, pumped with agricultural drugs and pesticides, and provided feed comprised of overfished species, GMOs, and filler ingredients such as corn. In other words, the salmon on your plate could very well be unhealthy, inhumane, and unsustainable. Thankfully not all seafood production methods are bad, and you can continue to feel good about the fish you eat. There are many sustainable ways to produce seafood, including land-based recirculating farms, ocean-based farms utilizing entire water columns, and even some wild-caught fisheries.
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Inorganic waste (e.g. plastics) / Infrastructure (Cages or processing plants) / Parasites (e.g. sea lice) / Biodiversity loss / Marine fauna / Chemicals (e.g. Formaldehyde) / Organic waste (e.g. feed or feces) / Animal Ethics / Pesticides / Antibiotics / Investment and subsidies / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Labor / Small-scale fishers / Tourism / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / US: Nat'l Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) / Plant-based (e.g. seaweed or kelp) / Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) / Salmon / Bivalves / Krill / Sea Bass / Insects
The Four Fish We're Overeating - and What to Eat Instead
Research
October 01 - 2015
EN Global

The Four Fish We're Overeating - and What to Eat Instead

TED Talks

The way we fish for popular seafood such as salmon, tuna and shrimp is threatening to ruin our oceans. Paul Greenberg explores the sheer size and irrationality of the seafood economy, and suggests a few specific ways we can change it, to benefit both the natural world and the people who depend on fishing for their livelihoods.
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Omega-3s / Value chain / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / Salmon / Shrimp / Sea Bass / Bivalves / Tilapia / Low trophic-level fish / Plant-based (e.g. seaweed or kelp) / Single Cell Proteins (e.g. Algal Oil)
Record Algae Blooms Linked to Fish Farms
Paywall on this site
News
September 04 - 2012
EN Europe

Record Algae Blooms Linked to Fish Farms

The Fish Site

IRELAND - Record toxic algae blooms continue to close shellfish harvesting in the south west of Ireland are caused in part by the waste from fish farms. The local action group set up to oppose the expansion of fish farming, Save Bantry Bay, has drawn attention to the fact that fish farms are responsible for far more nitrogen and phosphorous in our coastal waters than sewage from major towns.
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Salmon / Bivalves / Ireland
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