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Social Impacts of Fish Farming
Research
June 02 - 2025
EN Global

Social Impacts of Fish Farming

University of Piraeus

  This is an excerpt from a report by the University of Piraeus entitled, ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF G...
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Hunger / Nutrition / Labor / Small-scale fishers
The hidden cost of your supermarket sea bass
Investigative Journalism
May 23 - 2025
EN Europe, Africa

The hidden cost of your supermarket sea bass

The Guardian

Revealed: an investigation shows how consumers buying fish in the UK are playing a role in food insecurity and unemployment in Senegal

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Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / Hunger / Nutrition
Revealed: UK Supermarket Seabass Linked to Devastating Overfishing in Senegal
Research
May 22 - 2025
EN Africa

Revealed: UK Supermarket Seabass Linked to Devastating Overfishing in Senegal

DeSmog

Waitrose, Co-op, Lidl, Asda and Aldi among retailers selling fish fed on west African catch. This piece from DeSmog, co-published with The Guardian, comes after a two-year investigation spanning three countries, exposing the connection between these factories and food insecurity and unemployment in west Africa.
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Hunger / Nutrition / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / Sea Bass / Sea Bream / Certification schemes
New study maps the fishmeal factories that supply the world’s fish farms
News
May 15 - 2025
EN Global

New study maps the fishmeal factories that supply the world’s fish farms

Mongabay

In April, scientists published the first-ever open-source map of fishmeal and fish oil factories around the world. Fishmeal and fish oil production is controversial because it can incentivize the overexploitation of ocean ecosystems, depleting marine food webs, and negatively impact coastal communities that rely on fish for nutrition and livelihoods. 

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Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / Hunger / Nutrition
Spatial distribution of fishmeal and fish oil factories around the globe
Research
April 24 - 2025
EN Global

Spatial distribution of fishmeal and fish oil factories around the globe

Science Advances

Fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO) are critical inputs for the compound aquatic feeds sustaining the fed aquaculture sector, yet there is limited publicly available information on the location of FMFO production factories around the globe. This makes it difficult to assess the environmental, social, and economic impacts of individual factories and the industry’s footprint as a whole. To fill this knowledge gap, we compiled location data for FMFO factories across 63 producing countries. We identified 506 factories owned and/or operated by 413 companies. We provide an open-source database that includes FMFO factory locations, company names, and raw material types. This study offers a first look at the spatial distribution of the FMFO industry and serves as a valuable resource for marine resource managers and policymakers. Knowing the locations of factories and where FMFO production is concentrated can inform the development of cooperative national and international policies to ensure environmentally and socially responsible standards. By Lauren A. Shea, Colette C. C. Wabnitz, William W. L. Cheung, Daniel Pauly, U. Rashid Sumaila.
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Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Hunger / Nutrition
The Future of Sustainable Freshwater Aquaculture
Interactive / Website
March 26 - 2025
EN Africa

The Future of Sustainable Freshwater Aquaculture

Compassion in World Farming

A lively and explorative webinar about how sustainable freshwater aquaculture can increase food security in Africa. Expert speakers discuss the role aquaculture can play in food security across the whole continent. They considered the need to ensure that its growth must not come at the expense of sustainability and animal welfare.

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Hunger / Nutrition
The Pushback Against Aquaculture
Investigative Journalism
December 10 - 2024
EN Global

The Pushback Against Aquaculture

GRAIN

Fishing communities are leading a global fight to stop the industrial farming of shrimp and fish. They say these farms are toxic for their territories and that the world's food needs can be better met by revitalising wild fisheries and small scale, sustainable aquaculture systems. But they are up against powerful opponents. Industrial aquaculture is a US$300 billion business controlled by large multinational corporations and powerful local businessmen. With the support of governments, they are moving aggressively to not only keep their farms afloat, but to expand production to new territories.

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Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Small-scale fishers / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / Hunger / Nutrition / Labor
Is Aquaculture Really Saving Fish?
Investigative Journalism
November 12 - 2024
EN Global

Is Aquaculture Really Saving Fish?

American Council on Science and Health

Aquaculture, the golden child of industrial food production, promises to feed the masses while saving wild fish. While farmed fish production has skyrocketed, its efficiency can’t hide the fact that wild stocks are still overfished, and ecosystems are paying the price. Does aquaculture rescue wild fish populations – or put them at greater risk? By Chuck Dinerstein
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Biodiversity loss / Antibiotics / Hunger / Nutrition / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Salmon
Why farming fish is more unsustainable than catching them in the wild
Investigative Journalism
October 16 - 2024
EN Global

Why farming fish is more unsustainable than catching them in the wild

New Scientist

EN
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Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / Hunger / Nutrition / Salmon
A review of the global use of fishmeal and fish oil and the Fish In:Fish Out metric
Research
October 16 - 2024
EN Global

A review of the global use of fishmeal and fish oil and the Fish In:Fish Out metric

Science Advances

Aquacultured carnivorous species consume most of the world’s fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO), which itself is primarily derived from small pelagic fish. This has raised concerns about the practice’s impact on wild fish stocks, ecosystems, and coastal communities that rely on these fish. The aquaculture industry claims a decreasing dependence on wild fish, relying on the Fish In:Fish Out (FIFO) metric as a ratio of the quantity of wild fish required for farmed fish production. This is misleading because it usually assumes constant FM or FO yields, inclusion rates and feed conversion ratios, which vary widely. Thus, a constant FIFO value for a given species cannot be assumed. Furthermore, low FIFO values resulting from averaging carnivores and herbivores conceal the high feed requirements of carnivore species. The increasing use of FMFO from by-products does not demonstrate a decreased use of wild fish but rather reflects a growing demand for FMFO, particularly for the fast growing and valuable salmon and shrimp farming industries. By Patricia Majluf, Kathryn Matthews, Daniel Pauly, Daniel J. Skerritt, Maria Lourdes D. Palomares
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Biodiversity loss / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / Hunger / Nutrition / Salmon / Shrimp
How Marine Farming is Dewilding the Ocean and its Inhabitants: A Q&A with Laurie Sellars and Becca Franks
Research
October 16 - 2024
EN Global

How Marine Farming is Dewilding the Ocean and its Inhabitants: A Q&A with Laurie Sellars and Becca Franks

Yale Law School

A new study by Laurie Sellars, postgraduate fellow of the Law, Ethics & Animals Program at Yale Law School, and Becca Franks, an assistant professor of environmental studies at New York University, investigates how marine aquaculture or ‘mariculture’ — the cultivation of aquatic organisms in the ocean — generates a suite of risks: environmental degradation, harms to wildlife communities and individuals, welfare harms for captive animals, and shifts in how humans perceive the nonhuman world. The article describes these risks collectively as 'dewilding,' defined as the process of privileging anthropocentric interests, perspectives, sovereignty, and agency at the expense of other interests and considerations The study, 'How Mariculture Expansion is Dewilding the Ocean and its Inhabitants,' was published in the journal Science Advances on Oct. 16, 2024. Sellars and Franks discuss their research.
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Marine fauna / Animal Ethics / Deforestation / Hunger / Nutrition / Antibiotics / Labor / Salmon / Octopus / Dewilding
Farmed Salmon Isn’t 'Mediterranean'
Opinion
October 09 - 2024
EN Global

Farmed Salmon Isn’t 'Mediterranean'

Medium

How the world’s healthiest diet is used to prop up a troubling fish. A special guest post by Rauch Foundation's Eva Douzinas on Paul Greenberg's (The Four Fish) Medium page.
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Infrastructure (Cages or processing plants) / Marine Protected Areas / Marine Flora (e.g. Poseidon meadows or seaweed) / Chemicals (e.g. Formaldehyde) / Parasites (e.g. sea lice) / Organic waste (e.g. feed or feces) / Hunger / Nutrition / Tourism / Investment and subsidies / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Salmon / Sea Bass / Sea Bream
Is There Such a Thing As Sustainable Salmon?
Investigative Journalism
October 03 - 2024
EN Global

Is There Such a Thing As Sustainable Salmon?

The Sustainable Restaurant Association

Examines the sustainability issues surrounding farmed salmon, including advice and insights from experts and businesses in our network, to explore whether salmon has a place on a sustainable menu.
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Organic waste (e.g. feed or feces) / Biodiversity loss / Parasites (e.g. sea lice) / Animal Ethics / Antibiotics / Hunger / Nutrition / Value chain / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Certification schemes / Salmon / Soy
PinkBombs!
Interactive / Website
October 01 - 2024
EN, FR Global

PinkBombs!

Seastemik & Data For Good

PinkBombs is the result of a collaboration between two non-profit organizations, Seastemik and DataforGood. PinkBombs is here to: -Alert about one of the biggest threats to the Ocean today: salmon farming. -Deconstruct the distorted popular perception around salmon consumption. -Guide companies, States and consumers towards positive solutions.
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Inorganic waste (e.g. plastics) / Parasites (e.g. sea lice) / Climate change / Animal Ethics / Omega-3s / Antibiotics / Hunger / Nutrition / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Salmon
Too Much of Our Seafood Has a Dark Secret
Opinion
August 11 - 2024
EN Global

Too Much of Our Seafood Has a Dark Secret

New York Times

Explores the factors a consumer should consider when purchasing seafood. By Paul Greenberg and Carl Safina.

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Marine Protected Areas / Biodiversity loss / Chemicals (e.g. Formaldehyde) / Hunger / Nutrition / Investment and subsidies / Labor / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Value chain / IUUs (illegal unreported and unregulated) / Legislation / Bivalves / Low trophic-level fish / Plant-based (e.g. seaweed or kelp) / Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) / Salmon / Shrimp
Not every Norwegian feels guilty but many do
Investigative Journalism
July 28 - 2024
EN Global

Not every Norwegian feels guilty but many do

BBC

Wealthy Norwegians are increasingly contrasting their comfortable lives with those of people who are struggling, particularly overseas. This includes examining how farming salmon is harming food security in West Africa.
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Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / Salmon / Hunger / Nutrition
Global farmed fish production overtakes wild catch for first time
News
June 07 - 2024
EN Global

Global farmed fish production overtakes wild catch for first time

Financial Times

UN agency says aquaculture boom will boost food security but critics say it harms fragile marine ecosystems.
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Organic waste (e.g. feed or feces) / Pesticides / Antibiotics / Hunger / Nutrition / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / UN: FAO Committee on Fisheries / Salmon / Sea Bass / Sea Bream
Blue Empire: How the Norwegian salmon industry extracts nutrition and undermines livelihoods in West Africa
Research
February 01 - 2024
EN Europe, Africa

Blue Empire: How the Norwegian salmon industry extracts nutrition and undermines livelihoods in West Africa

Foodrise

This report exposes how the expansion of the Norwegian salmon farming industry has come at the expense of communities and fish populations in the Global South. While salmon producers tout their sustainability credentials, the industry’s inefficient and wasteful use of finite natural resources is driving the loss of livelihoods and exacerbating malnutrition in nations including The Gambia, Senegal and Mauritania. We argue that the Norwegian salmon industry is not so much leading a ‘blue revolution’ as establishing a ‘blue empire’.
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Biodiversity loss / Omega-3s / Hunger / Nutrition / Investment and subsidies / Labor / Small-scale fishers / Value chain / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Certification schemes / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / Legislation / Salmon / Krill
The Hidden Costs of Your Supermarket Salmon
Paywall on this site
Investigative Journalism
January 31 - 2024
EN Global

The Hidden Costs of Your Supermarket Salmon

Financial Times

Fish sold by major retailers in Europe is harming food security in west Africa
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Biodiversity loss / Investment and subsidies / IUUs (illegal unreported and unregulated) / Small-scale fishers / Labor / Omega-3s / Hunger / Nutrition / Value chain / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / Legislation / Salmon
The Perils of Farming Salmon in a Warming World
Investigative Journalism
July 02 - 2023
EN South America

The Perils of Farming Salmon in a Warming World

Mother Jones

The salmon farming industry presents itself as a sustainable solution to feeding humanity in a warming world. But as learned on a recent trip to Chilean Patagonia, intensive aquaculture practices can produce large negative environmental effects. By Jessica McKenzie
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Infrastructure (Cages or processing plants) / Climate change / Marine fauna / Organic waste (e.g. feed or feces) / Chemicals (e.g. Formaldehyde) / Antibiotics / Pesticides / Hunger / Nutrition / Investment and subsidies / Small-scale fishers / IUUs (illegal unreported and unregulated) / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / Legislation / Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) / Salmon
Intensive Farming of Carnivorous Fish Relying on West Africa Fishmeal Must Be Stopped
Opinion
January 31 - 2023
EN Africa

Intensive Farming of Carnivorous Fish Relying on West Africa Fishmeal Must Be Stopped

CFFA

FAO’s vision for aquaculture is clearly presented in its “Blue Transformation roadmap”: the objective is the “intensification and expansion of sustainable aquaculture,” so that it “continues to meet the global demand for aquatic foods.” The FAO Guidelines should include the considerations of those stakeholders that are currently facing the negative impacts of unsustainable aquaculture, and are looking at alternative models of small-scale aquaculture. The GSA, instead of feeding over-optimism, would benefit from openly addressing the points of contention which were the reason of drafting the guidelines in the first place.
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Hunger / Nutrition / Fish in / Fish Out (FIFO) / Fish Meal / Fish Oil Processing / FAO Committee on Fisheries
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